While the elaborately illustrated manuscripts of medieval days have morphed into guides filled with photographs, the fascination with the uses of plants remains fundamental.Įxplore a few famous examples of herbals from different eras. Modern herbalists and those who use traditional medicines still turn to the healing properties of plants. Gardening as a hobby has produced useful guides to diverse flora. However, the herbal text has never vanished into complete disuse. Modern pharmacology-while greatly in debt to botanical knowledge-meant that medical textbooks replaced illustrated herbals. In the industrial age, growing herbs for medicinal uses became increasingly less critical to everyday life. Like other ancient works that survived, it is known through repeated medieval and early modern editions. While often cited as an herbal, the work is in fact a much larger attempt to synthesize knowledge of the natural world. For example, Pliny the Elder wrote Naturalis Historia in the 1st century CE. The ancients were very interested in medicine as part of natural history. Their knowledge was preserved in the medieval manuscripts of the Byzantines, the Islamic lands, and even Dark Age Europe. The Greeks and Romans created some of the most influential herbal texts-although the originals do not survive. Other ancient compilations of herbal knowledge can be traced in ancient Indian, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian traditions. However, the 365 plants categorized within it are said to originate in the knowledge and work of the ancient (possibly mythical) ruler and herbalist Shennong. In Han dynasty China, Shennong Ben Cao Jing (also known as Shennong's Materia Medica) was written down for the first time. Medical in nature, these texts often codified knowledge that had long been orally passed on. Herbals are an ancient textual tradition. (Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Public domain) While printing was new to Europe, the technology was well known in China where woodblock printing was both utilitarian and an art form.Ī bestiary and herbal from Iran, circa 1600. With the introduction to Europe of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, herbals-like psalters and prayer books-began to be printed for wider distribution. This marginalia contributed to a living tradition of text. As the owner of a herbal learned more about remedies and plants, many made notations in the margins or kept pages of their own recipes. These manuscripts could be richly illuminated and illustrated. These could be as simple as helping to cure a headache or as esoteric as encouraging a personality trait such as bravery.Įuropean herbals began in manuscript form and were painstakingly written by hand by professional scribes. The medical uses of a plant are often included as well. Each plant is typically listed with its physical description or an image to aid in identifying safe, poisonous, or benign flora. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)Īt its most basic, an herbal is a written text about plants and their characteristics. An Iris germanica shown in watercolor by Elizabeth Blackwell in “A Curious Herbal,” circa 1737 to 1739.
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But, considering the fact that most platforms will require you to consent to do business electronically, that electronic or digital signature will be just as legally binding as any hard copy document you would have signed. In some ways, signing a document online feels far less formal than doing so on a hard copy. You know that-but, when you’re attempting to breeze your way through, slap your signature in the designated space, and then submit it, it can be easy to forget. In any scenario, you never want to sign your name on a document until you’ve read it in its entirety. Confirm Understanding of What You’re Signing Signing documents digitally or electronically seems like it can take a lot of pain out of the process, right? However, there are some important considerations you should make before jumping right in. What to Consider Before Signing Documents Online However, in some cases, a company or entity might require a digital signature to truly count that document as valid. In most personal use cases, you’ll only need an electronic signature-and, there are plenty of platforms that make that easy. In contrast, a digital signature if a bit more involved.ĭigital signatures “ cryptographically attach your identity to a document using a method that cannot be forged,” explains an article for Lifehacker. This could be represented by an image of a signature, a cursive font, or even a mouse-drawn signature.īy inserting some sort of representation of your signed name, you’re authorizing that document as binding-like it would be if you were to have used pen to actually sign your name there. In fact, they just involve a person’s electronic agreement to a document. However, many people aren’t aware that there actually is a pretty significant difference between these two different types of methods. You’ll hear the terms digital signature and electronic signature used interchangeably. Like the pen and paper method, a digital signature attaches the identity of the signer to the document and records a binding commitment to the document,Ĭompared to a handwritten signature, it is considered significantly more difficult to forge a digital signature, provided the keys used to create it are kept secure. Provided you’re using a true digital signature (as opposed to an electronic signature-we’ll talk more about the differences between those a little later!), your signature will use digital keys. Instead, you can quickly and painlessly provide a legal signature on a document with just a click or two of a button.Īnother great perk of digital signatures? There’s no printing or postage you need to worry about. However, perhaps the biggest selling point of electronic signatures is their convenience. Let’s face it-printing out a document, signing it, and then either mailing, hand-delivering, or scanning it back to the intended recipient isn’t a broken way of doing things. 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Useful when including files, e.g.,, which attempts to include the current language include file, which may be the default language, and if the current language include file does not exist the default language include file is includedĪn array of the internationalisation text strings relating to the language switcher, for example getting the word Language in different languages: $languageSwitcherTCD]įirst tell the app what languages to search for, for example 'ianaSubtags' => array ('en', 'ga',), which tells the app the default language is English and to detect Gaeilge. The ianasubtag of the page, useful for lang attributesĪn empty string for the default language or the ianasubtag of the pageĪ empty string for the default language or '.subtag'. 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You will then be taken to the ‘Edit Snippet’ page, where all you need to do is switch the toggle to ‘Active’ and click ‘Update.’. Add this code to the top of every page the language switcher will be on, or at least before the switcher HTML '/webdesign-projects/preview/language-switcher-test', Simply type ‘language’ into the search bar and press the ‘Use snippet’ button under ‘Disable Login Screen Language Switcher’. Add this HTML to every page where the language switcher needs to be displayed Ģ. The example page is set up to detect English, Gaeilge and Russian and switch between them. Language Switcher App Language Switcher Appĭave Smith, Trinity College Dublin Web Design Office, 2012 Example |
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